Cadbury Schweppes Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Cadbury Schweppes Management - Case Study Example In nowadays, cocoa beans were being imported from south and Central America and West Indies. Truth be told the cocoa beans had so much worth and were costly. It must be managed with the well off and first class individuals of the general public at that point. Trying different things with his pestle and mortar, John Cadbury created a scope of cocoa and chocolate drinks with the last having sugar (Cadbury, 2008). In 1861, John Cadbury the originator gave over the business to his oldest children Richard and George. It is to their administration that the achievement of the Cadbury Brothers restricted is owed. In 1899 the business turned into a private constrained organization and was marked Cadbury siblings Limited. The development of the business prompted innovation of the chocolate bars which were presently spiced up with milk The principal milk chocolate that was ever constructed was course, dry and neither sweet nor smooth enough for the open taste. Simultaneously, there was extraordinary rivalry from other mainland makes of chocolate which prompted the need of the Cadbury Company to dispatch different tastes and assortment of chocolates one of them being dairy house cleaner which later became dairy milk lastly developed to be marked Cadbury dairy milk, which has a one of a kind flavor and smooth. Cadbury Brothers constrained later converged with Schweppes Inc in 1969 to shape Cadbury Schweppes plc which is an ice cream parlor and Beverage Company that forms non mixed drink. It has a representative base of roughly 59000. Cadbury Schweppes Plc as of now has its central station in Berkeley Square, London which is in England in United Kingdom. Cadbury Schweppes plc is basically engaged with the assembling, conveyance and offer of marked drinks and sweet shop, notwithstanding other related nourishments. It supplies its items through discount and retail outlets of the candy store which are authorized and enlisted by the state wherein they are found. Cadbury Schweppes plc exchanges practically all the nations that are accessible overall since contemporary information, it is one of the main chocolate makers around the world. Cadbury Schweppes plc markets a scope of chocolates, gum and sugar dessert shop brands around the world. These brands are as bars, squares, sacked items, parcels , rolls, boxed collections, chocolate eggs and curiosities (Cadbury, 2008). There are different fantasies which have been engendered about administration which should assist associations with expanding their income. Legends in the business field for the most part come up as administrators attempt to discover approaches to get by in the business world which is normally brimming with difficulties and vulnerability. They give an expectation as they give something that supervisors can clutch as they maintain their organizations. These legends for the most part impact the manner in which organizations settle on choices and the manner in which the board run firms as much as the procedures have not been end up being valid. These legends assist chiefs with concocting a lot of approaches or techniques that they utilize so as to enable their associations to accomplish certain goals. A portion of these legends as indicated by Foss (2006) incorporate the way that it is more enthusiastically to get a serious edge if an organization utilizes outside assets or assets it ha s bought as opposed to utilizing inside delivered assets. The underlying driver of this misconception sprung up from Cool and Barney contention that lone assets that can't be sold by the organization are viewed as important. Cadburys has not

Porter’s Diamond Model For China Free Essays

The get together industry utilizes the development variables to exploit over different nations. This is on the grounds that they have increasingly instructed workforce, this will assist them with doing their work at progressively refined route with better mechanical upgrades, and for the most part at less expensive cost which is the greatest preferred position for gathering industry till now. Government interest ahead of time factors has additionally furnished the business with many instructed laborers, as result profiting the get together industry in general. We will compose a custom exposition test on Porter’s Diamond Model For China or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now On the off chance that the household request rises this will by and large put the focus on the get together industry to concoct new plans and increasingly inventive advances to take the gathering business to new level. Subsequently different organizations like Nokia, Sony, HP who were at that point related with the china gathering industry they will be intrigued with this new enhancements, in this manner drawing in different company’s likewise towards the China get together industry. In light of these immense enhancements of the get together industry numerous household firms are currently urged to contribute all the more making increasingly advance elements, with the goal that it causes the business to turn out to be progressively fruitful. This accordingly makes an upper hand for the business. Accordingly offering ascend to more rivalry, and improving the item or administrations more. Various nations have diverse administration belief systems. As it is a gathering industry all the more mechanically related administrators are expected to deal with the business like specialists ought to be there at the top level so they will comprehend the best which machines to utilize, or which is more refreshed so they can run the business all the more well. In general this will keep the business in pace with others, henceforth they will have the option to offer better types of assistance, pulling in progressively remote organizations, and will likewise have the option to hold their situation at the pinnacle. The most effective method to refer to Porter’s Diamond Model For China, Papers

Tips on Maximizing Your Collegiate Experience

Tips on Maximizing Your Collegiate Experience This year is my junior year in the college of ACES. It truly has been a journey since freshman year. Since I got here, I have been looking for ways to build my resume by getting involved on campus and getting real work experience. This desire has allowed me to be able to complete an internship and attend numerous conferences, as well as find myself as a student and leader on campus. With that being said, I am going to share a few tips about how to find success in your own academic endeavors. 1. Get involved as soon as you get here. The first tip for any Illinois student is to join at least one skill-building RSO and stay committed to it throughout your college career. My freshman year I joined a professional development organization. Now I have a leadership position in it, and it has given me valuable experience. I dont think I would have been able to gain a leadership role if I did not stay committed to this RSO since my start. Not only have I grown as a professional and student in this organization, I have also found my closest friends within it. I think that being committed to this RSO has increased my educational experience. 2. But dont over do it. The second tip I want to share is dont overcommit to an RSO or other non-class-related organizations. For Illinois students, it is easy to be excited about being a part of a community of some sort on campus. I was so excited when I came to the university that I joined every organization I liked the sound of. My sophomore year helped me learn how to prioritize my education over all my involvement. Its easy to lose sight of ones purpose as a student. Grades and educational experience should always come first as a student. When I realized this myself, I started to cut out a lot of involvement that hindered me from doing well academically. I definitely havent perfected this principle, but I work on it everyday. 3. Go to those office hours, even if you have to journey to the 4th floor. The next tip for an Illinois student looking to be successful is to learn how to ask for help and how to listen to others. When I came to Illinois, I thought that I was so brilliant. Well, I still do think that I am pretty brilliant, but brilliance alone is not enough to find success here. What I learned early on in my college career was how to ask questions. Then a little later on I learned how to actively listen when questions were being answered. This tip sounds pretty self-explanatory, but its hard to master. I thought that asking for help meant that I wasnt as smart as everyone else. Once I got over this and started to attend office hours and review sessions regularly, I began to find more ease in my coursework. 4. Get to know everybody. Another tip for Illinois scholars is to build your network. I know I sound like a broken record when I say that its not always what you know but who you know. I have been fortunate enough to work in a few jobs for the university. Each job I got I heard about through a friend. Your network not only can benefit you financially, but it can also benefit you academically. Knowing people in your classes is so beneficial, especially when youre forming study groups. One good study buddy could be the difference between a B and an A. 5. Enjoy it! One last tip for future Illinois students is to have fun. College is a time to work hard but also a time to enjoy the process. It is easy to get caught up in the hustle and bustle of school and forget that you still have a life to live. Learning how to enjoy your experience at Illinois will help you to stay balanced and proud to be an Illini. College doesnt last forever, so make the most of it. Immanuel Class of 2019 I am majoring in Agricultural and Consumer Economics within the College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences. I am from the northwest suburbs of Chicago. I chose the University of Illinois because of everything it can offer its students.

Students At Public Schools Of Varying Size And...

Students attending public schools of varying size and socioeconomic elements continue to have distinct experiences and outcomes. Research over the years has pointed to the complexities regarding the issue of equal and appropriate education for all students (Howley, 2008). School size and structure have been at the forefront of educational decisions since the 1800s. Socioeconomic standing has also been a large factor in the success of students since the early 1900s (NCES, 2014). The current body of research leans toward medium and small size schools as being the most effective for student achievement outcomes and participation rates in activities. In addition, the literature supports the view that students from economically†¦show more content†¦Current national reform efforts, a comprehensive review of recent school consolidation efforts in Pennsylvania, as well as an examination of current financial calculations and statistics used by the PDE to determine wealth within a district are reviewed. Also, current high-school enrollment information in Pennsylvania is presented. The literature surrounding high-school size and related to the benefits of educational opportunities offered to students is reviewed. The final section of this chapter discusses the gaps in the literature that this researcher has identified. The literature review indicates the complexity of the issue of how school size and economics affect students and their access to curricular and co-curricular offerings. The Purpose of Schools in the United States The education of students has been highly debated for centuries. To fully understand the depth, complexity, and passion surrounding the issues of school size and SES and their place in the current educational debate, a historical perspective on the on-going argument must be outlined. This research frames the idea of the transition from the one-room schoolhouses of the 1700s to the mega-schools of today that enroll 2,000 to 3,000 students. For perspective, in 1919 there were almost 200,000 one-teacher schools compared to just over 300 in 2005 (Rooney Augenblick, 2009).

Television As The Useful Tool For Children - 910 Words

TV as the Useful Tool for Children In the modern household, TV is one of the most common electronic devices to have. There are countless entertaining TV programs for children on many different channels everyday. Watching TV is the easiest way to entertain children at home. With just one push on the remote controler, it is not complicated for even young children to turn on the TV and find their favorite shows without parent’s help. TV shows for children are made for making children to stay on the channel or to watch the same show again, so it likely leads children to be addicted to TV. In fact, many families try to get rid of the TV or lessen the TV time for children to avoid the addiction. Although TV can affect children negatively, there are also many quality programs for children. TV can provide educational contents, fun family time, and relaxation time for children and family. If parents use TV wisely, TV will benefit children and their family. A lot of TV programs are educational for children and parents. W hen people from old to young adults talk about their favorite educational show on TV, most of them will mention â€Å"Sesame Street.† It has been on TV since 1969, teaching children language, numbers, music, social skills, and cultures. Parents have no doubt about showing â€Å"Sesame Street† to their children because parents know that the show is educational and safe for young children. â€Å"The Magic School Bus† series is one of the famous science shows for kindergarten toShow MoreRelatedCan Television Make You Smarter? Essay examples1496 Words   |  6 PagesJohnsons article Watching TV Makes You Smarter he discusses the intellectual merits of television programs. The essence of Johnsons argument is that the complexity of certain current shows can get one to think at a higher cognitive level, and that shows have become more cognitively demandingof their viewers over the past few decades. Johnsons argument, that is in favor of watching quality television a nd the benefits that one can get from it, is reinforced by some good points the author makesRead MoreTeaching and Learning with the Internet Generation922 Words   |  4 PagesTelevisions and computers have seemed like this generations babysitters, but these electronic tools are more than what they seem. They seem like distractions both for child and adult, but electronic tools are vehicles for brain development and learning. In fact, the new generation of parents is very education oriented, (Barnes, Marateo, Ferris, n.d.). Technology saturation might have been considered a leisurely diversion a generation ago, but now, tools like computers, tablets, and smartphonesRead MoreTelevision Does More Harm Than Good596 Words   |  3 PagesTelevision does more harm than good When the TV was invented, it impressed the whole world, so everyone since then seeks to buy a one. 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Clinicians working with adolescents have started to realize how important it was to start to u nderstand the impact of electronic media, the internet, technology, all sort of things on the young people. It is very difficult to understand the old people that there has been a radical change in relationship even between young people because of these new tools. In the past children were really a time of emotional, secrecyRead More Using Technology to Enhance Elementary Education Essay968 Words   |  4 Pageschild’s pace and learning level and Visual and interactive technology allows the child to learn and correct their errors without feeling hurt or discouraged. Children need real-life experiences with real people to benefit from available technologies. Technologies used to enhance curriculum and experiences for children benefit young children the greatest are those that are interactive and allow the child to develop their curiosity, problem solving and independent thinking skills. 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Barbara Jordan Free Essays

A woman who has made her name very well known throughout history and American Government is the late Barbara Jordan. Barbara Charline Jordan, and attorney and American politician, was born on February 21, 1936 in Houston, Texas. Throughout her career she served as a congresswoman in the United States House of Representatives from 1973 to 1979, and as a professor at various universities and institutes. We will write a custom essay sample on Barbara Jordan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jordan’s education began at Robertson elementary and Phillis Wheatley high school in Houston’s fifth ward. While attending Wheatley, she was a member of the honor society and participated in debates and public speaking engagements. After graduating in the top 5% of her high school class, Barbara Jordan would go on to attend Texas Southern University despite hopes of attending the still segregated University of Texas at Austin. Barbara Jordan graduated Magna Cum Laude from Texas Southern with a double major in political science and history. After contemplating of attending Harvard School of Law, Jordan went on to attend Boston University Law School where she graduated in 1959. After she passed both Massachusetts and Texas bar examinations, Barbara Jordan, being a woman so eager to throw herself into her profession, set up a law practice in her parents’ kitchen until she could save up enough money to move her firm to the fifth ward, a primarily African American populated area of Houston in which Jordan began her education and career, in 1962 and 1964, Barbara Jordan campaigned for the Texas House of Representatives. In 1966, Jordan ran for the Texas Senate and won the Democratic Primary with over 60 percent of the votes. Jordan’s Victory made her the first African American woman to serve in the Texas senate and the first African American elected to that body since 1883. She was re-elected to full in 1968 to 1972, when she became the first African American woman from a southern state to be elected to the United States House of Representatives. In 1974, Barbara Jordan gained attention from the nation for her service on the committee charged with hearing and evaluating the evidence bearing on the possible impeachment of then-President Nixon in what was called the â€Å"Watergate Scandal†. At one point President Jimmy Carter expressed interest in making Jordan Attorney General as well as a U. N. Ambassador, but Jordan was deeply rooted in congress and was even thinking of challenging Sen. John Tower in a 1978 re-elect. Unfortunately, Jordan fell ill and became unable to carry out her decision and retired from politics all together. Having served as Professor of Political Science once before at the Tuskegee Institute, Jordan became a professor once again after her retirement from congress, this time as Professor of Public Affairs at the Lyndon Baines Johnson School of Public Affairs. Though she had returned to living as a â€Å"private citizen† Jordan would go on to maintain a very active stance within her community despite many unfortunate physical ailments. Sadly, Barbara Jordan passed away January 17, 1996. She would lie in state at University of Texas at Austin’s Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, and being that she was no stranger to firsts throughout her radiant career, even in her untimely passing; Jordan became the first African American woman interned at the Texas State Cemetery. Barbara Jordan How to cite Barbara Jordan, Essay examples

Santos Business Management Merging of Two Сompanies

Introduction Santos is an Australian company dealing with coal seam gas to produce gas energy for the entire country. It is a controversial company due to the past events that have affected the country in regard to the catastrophic mudflow. In case of these catastrophes, the company tries to rectify the natural afflictions arising from them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Santos Business Management: Merging of Two Ð ¡ompanies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the company used 79 million dollars to clean the area that was affected by the mudflow in Sidoarjo (Wheelwright 1957). This implies that the company protects the environment against destruction and degradation. In this light, the company might try to design strategies that seek to conserve the environment and purport sustainability alongside the green energy. For example, the company might trigger a merging process with another company seeking to conserve the environment. These companies include the wind farms and energy cooperatives (Wheelwright Miskelly 1967). When the corporation merges with the Santos Company, it would bring opportunities, risks, and benefits to the company. This paper seeks to identify the various benefits, opportunities, and benefits that would arise due to merging of the two companies. In this light, the paper will focus on a possible alliance between Santos Company and Hepburn wind (Fleckney 2011). In addition, it will use the Luke’s Theory of power during the explanation. This theory approaches power from a multidimensional perspective seeking to incorporate power, reasons and freedom. It argues that power is an element allowing one party to change the behaviour of other people. It asserts that the party must have an appealing reason to its subjects. In addition, the subjects have a freedom to choose change amongst other aspects. Opportunities Alliance of the Santos Company and Hepburn w ind farm would bring many opportunities for the individual companies. The opportunities that might arise due to the alliance are social, economic and natural.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this light, it is understood that each of the companies has individual weaknesses, strengths and challenges. Therefore, the alliance would help the companies to combine strengths and eliminate weaknesses. These are some of the opportunities that would arise from the alliance of the two companies. Diversification The Santos Company is based on providing gas and oils to the international and foreign market. They have relied on production of the two products since conception. Consequently, they have not developed other forms of energy. However, natural gases and oils are exhaustible due to their natural existence. In addition, the two natural resources can neither be renewed nor recycled through artificial techniques. This implies that the company’s future is not very reliable. In fact, the company might lose its economic solvency as time elapses. On the other hand, the Hepburn Wind relies on the production of energy through wind. This has become the friendliest production of energy around the world in relation to the environment. It has initiated the production of green energy that purports sustainability and environmental conservation. In fact, almost all countries are harnessing wind. However, Hepburn wind, which is a community company, relies entirely on the production of energy through wind. Therefore, there are various challenges that face the utilization of wind energy. These include the lack of wind during some seasons and change of its direction. This implies that the cooperation might fail momentarily and initiate power insufficiency in the community. As a result, the community would suffer from lack of power and cause serious economic losses. In t his case, it is clear that the two companies encounter the risk of financial perishing. However, the alliance of the two companies would present a perfect economic opportunity. In the alliance, the companies would be relying on two power producing methods that include wind and gas energy. As a result, the failure of wind energy would lead to loss of power in the community. In that case, the alliance would rely on gas energy to provide power in the community.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Santos Business Management: Merging of Two Ð ¡ompanies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrary, lack of gas would be supplemented by the use of wind power for energy production. Therefore, the two companies would have an opportunity of diversifying power production. Consequently, they would reduce the risk of inexistence and lack of solvency. In regard to Luke’s Theory, the two companies would change their cul ture into diversification. Therefore, they would influence each other and develop the freedom of business solvency for a long time. Community Service The companies are seeking to offer services within their community by providing various forms of energy including gas, oil and electricity from the wind. However, each of the companies has its own market share to serve. For example, the Hepburn wind is serving about 2300 households while Hepburn is providing energy to the territories in the entire Mainland of Australia. Therefore, the alliance will allow the two companies to serve a bigger part of the community than the current area. This implies that the income generated through their projects is increased significantly. In addition, they will reach many people across the country and allow them to facilitate value maximization. In this light, value maximization does not focus on the profits that a company realizes. Instead, it aims at ensuring that the subjects are getting efficient a nd sufficient services. The alliance will facilitate this by accessing a large number of people and ensuring that enough power is supplied. Therefore, the alliance will present an opportunity for the companies to serve the community and increase their service share. Sustainable Development This is a concept seeking to focus on a development that is more than a mere development. In this light, it views development in a multidimensional view rather than limiting development to the economic side. As a result, it focuses on the social, economic, and environmental issues of human development. It argues that there are three combinations that lead to sustainability (Goodall 2012). First, the combination between social aspects and environment makes a bearable life. The combination of the environment and economy brings about viability of human life. Lastly, the combination of social aspects and economy brings about equitability (Campbell Mollica 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The alliance comprising of the Santos and Hepburn wind would present an opportunity allowing them to practice sustainable development. Consequently, Hepburn project seeks to produce green energy that is friendly to the environment. On the other hand, Santos produces energy through a method that can lead to gradual environmental degradation. However, Luke’s Theory asserts that parties can influence the culture of other parties especially when in partnership. Therefore, Hepburn will seek to change the destructive cultures into constructive ones. The alliance is within a better financial position that would allow allocation of some funds to environmental rehabilitation. As a result, they would have an opportunity to initiate development in a substantial and sustainable manner. Natural Resources The two companies would have the opportunity of getting more resources for use. In this case, it is important to note that Hepburn Association owns the Hepburn wind project and Leonard Hi ll found to the south of Victoria. They use the wind turbines to harness wind and produce energy. However, the land found below the turbines is not used for other activities. This implies that the land is a waste land rendered unproductive due to a single objective of the project. However, Santos can explore on the hills and determine whether they have the natural gases and oils. This implies that the abandoned land will be transformed into a resourceful area of production. On the other hand, Santos Company mines the natural gas and leaves the lands abandoned. If the companies would form an alliance, Hepburn wind project can be extended to the areas that Santos Company has left. Benefits There are various benefits that would accompany the alliance of Hepburn winds and Santos Company. In this light, the alliance will benefit the company and the community. The benefits are environmental, economic and social. These are some of the benefits that would be experienced by the alliance. Cap ital Availability The companies have different capital and financial assets. However, the individual assets are directed to the production of energy. This implies that the two companies allocate funds to similar project producing energy. The alliance would ensure that the companies combine their individual capital into a single amount. This would ensure that the alliance has a bigger capital than the individual companies. Therefore, they would have enough capital allowing them to focus on the two projects in an efficient manner. Hepburn Winds owned by the community would run efficiently due to the influx of foreign funds from the Santos Company. On the other hand, Santos Company would get support from the community. Reduced Cost The individual production of energy is costly due to the individual operations of the two companies. In this case, the cost of logistics is very high because the companies experience the cost individually. However, the alliance would allow the companies to i ntegrate their logistics and meet a single cost. As a result, the logistic cost would be reduced to a half of the total cost that the companies incur individually. This implies that the overall cost of energy production would reduce. Reducing the cost of logistics enables the companies to provide energy at a cheap price. This would promote the spirit of value maximization that focuses on serving the customers efficiently and sufficiently. In addition, it would ensure that the companies increase the area of service by reaching people in the population. In fact, this is an initiative of developing the country in a sustainable manner. According to the previous paragraph, sustainability ensures that people are served by considering social and economic capabilities. Therefore, the low priced supply of power is a strong element of sustainability. According to Luke’s Theory of power, a company should seek to empower its subjects. In this light, it should instil a sense of freedom in their lives. Power cost reduction improves the financial freedom of the subjects relying on the two companies (Bragg 2010). Therefore, the benefit is compatible to the theory because it caters for freedom. In addition, it reduces the cost to empower the financial position of people. This implies that the alliance would have a discrete reason to cut the cost. As a result, it satisfies Luke’s theory that requires a company to exercise power through reasoning. In addition, this alliance would help the companies to reduce the organizational cost. The alliance enables the management to integrate staffing techniques. This implies that the staff will be reduced significantly. As a result, the money paid to those staff members is diverted to other sectors of the alliance. Moreover, they are able to integrate the structure present in their individual organizations. For example, the companies will share a single headquarter. This will increase the efficiency and accessibility of the a lliance (Alberts Segall 1966). Also, it will reduce the cost of logistics involved in the separate organization. Similarly, the money is used to improve technology and conduct other researches. Additional Research Individually, the companies do minimal research on their respective fields due to financial constraints. This leads to low productivity of energy including electricity and gas. Upon the process of merging, the companies obtain a high financial capability that enables them to invest a lot of money on research. This helps the alliance to produce much energy for the population. Therefore, it makes it possible for the alliance to serve more people than operating individually. Also, it ensures that the energy produced can sustain the population. Technological Advancement In the alliance, the companies will invest on their technology highly because they possess financial capabilities (Gutterman 1994). In this light, they will invest in efficient wind turbines that last for a lo ng time. This will reduce the cost of maintaining the wind turbines leading to increased profits. On the other hand, they will purchase advanced drillers that enable the alliance to drill high levels of gas and oil for refineries (Schacht 1991). Therefore, the alliance will be more efficient than separate companies. Risks A risk is a possibility of experiencing an undesirable event in the future (Holmes 2002). It is based mainly on the uncertainty of the event happening at a future time. Therefore, the parties involved do not have the knowledge concerning the future events (Krayenbuehl 1985). When merging organizations and companies, there are various risks that arise (Cameron 2004). Mostly, the risks are oriented financially because the organizations depend on finances to run their logistics. The succeeding paragraphs will discuss about the risks associated to the alliance of Hepburn wind and Santos Company. Exhaustion The most critical risk that accompanies the alliance is exhaust ion of energy. It is clear that Hepburn relies on wind energy that can stop or change direction. This implies that wind energy is not very promising for the population and the alliance (Moretto 2008). In addition, gas and oil deposits can diminish because they occur naturally. Similarly, the existence of the gas and oil deposits is not guaranteed for the alliance. This implies that the alliance will be experiencing a vertical merging process. In this alliance, solvency is not guaranteed entirely. This leads to a risky situation because the two energy producing plants could fail. In fact, the failure would cause an immediate closure of the alliance. In case of a closure, it will become significantly difficult for the companies to restart when merged. Therefore, we can conclude that the alliance would be running on a dangerous and risky platform of operation. Debts Obviously, many organizations take commodities on credit and utilize them before paying. In this light, the organizations discussed on this paper might have debts in their original setup. In a merging process, the assets and liabilities are transferred from the individual companies to the alliance (Thompson Cook 2006). The debts might take a huge part of the revenue and reduce the solvency of the two companies. In fact, the companies might experience much risk if either of the companies does not disclose all information about its liability. In this case, the companies must ensure that their partners disclose all information required. Conflict of Interest The companies operate different projects in light of producing energy. Hepburn association produces energy through wind while Santos depends on the natural deposits during the production of energy. There is a risk that is associated with conflict of interest by the personnel from the two companies. This would affect the management by reducing it efficiency and reliability (Rosenberg 2002). As a result, the alliance can fail and lose the assets that i t had acquired. Conclusion The aim of this paper was to discuss the possible opportunities, benefits, and risks that would be associated with the alliance of Santos Company and a community corporation. In light of accomplishing that task, the company has focused on Santos Company and Hepburn wind project. It has discussed the opportunities, risks, and benefits that would be realized. Therefore, it is an all-inclusive paper that serves its purpose. References Alberts, W Segall, J 1966, The corporate merger, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Bragg, S 2010, Cost reduction analysis tools and strategies, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken. Cameron, S 2004, Risks. Wheeler, Waterville. Campbell, T Mollica, D 2009, Sustainability, Ashgate, Farnham Surrey, England. Fleckney, P 2011, The barriers to community renewable energy in Victoria. Law Book Co. of Australasia, Sydney. Goodall, C 2012, Sustainability, Hodder Stoughton, London. Gutterman, A 1994, Technology-driven corporate alliances a leg al guide for executives. Quorum Books, Westport, Conn. Holmes, A 2002, Risk management. Capstone Pub, Oxford, UK. Krayenbuehl, T 1985, Country risk: assessment and monitoring, Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. Moretto, E 2008, Exchange ratios for merging companies, Emerald, Bradford, England. Rosenberg, N 2002, Conflict of interest, Hyperion, New York. Schacht, W 1991, Industrial competitiveness and technological advancement debate over government policy, Congressional Research Service Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Thompson, P Cook, T 2006, Alliances. Wizards of the Coast, Renton, WA. Wheelwright, E 1957, Ownership and control of Australian companies; a study of 102 of the largest public companies incorporated in Australia, Law Book Company of Australasia, Sydney. Wheelwright, E Miskelly, J 1967, Anatomy of Australian manufacturing industry; the ownership and control of 300 of the largest manufacturing companies in Australia. Law Book Co, Sydney. 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Essay on The Progressive Presidents

Essay on The Progressive Presidents Essay on The Progressive Presidents Essay on The Progressive PresidentsThe progressiveness of the U.S. presidential elections of 1912 was concluded in different philosophies of the two prime candidates, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, both of whom expressed Progressive ideas. Although both candidates, Wilson and Roosevelt, were Progressive, their attitudes regarding the promotion and implementation of the ideas of Progressivism in the United States were different, at least in their theoretic approaches. Reviewing the complex nature of Progressivism, it is possible to explore how presidents’ policies while in office may be different from their rhetoric on the campaign trail. Actually, the study of presidency helps to better understand the nature of political philosophy (Bowles, 2011). According to third-party Bull Mooses, Americans needed a new party that would help the nation to awaken and promote the sense of justice. The Progressive Party was aimed at the fulfillment of the duty to â€Å"maintain the g overnment of the people, by the people and for the people† (Bull Moose Party, 1912). The Bull Moose Party was linked to Roosevelt’s political ideas. Wilson and Roosevelt expressed their ideas and priorities in their speeches: New Nationalism by Roosevelt and New Freedom by Wilson. The major goal of this paper is to compare each president’s political principles with his actions while in office and define how well their actions matched their rhetoric.Comparing Theodore Roosevelt’s political principles with his actions while in officeTheodore Roosevelt’s political principles differed from his actions while in office. Roosevelt’s political principles were aimed at developing new nationalism through socialization of democracy. He highlighted the â€Å"need for government to regulate capitalism, and provide a square deal for all Americans† (Roosevelt, 1910). Roosevelt wanted to achieve equality of opportunity, destructing the established spe cial privileges. He said, â€Å"The essence of any struggle for healthy liberty has always been, and must always be, to take from some one man or class of men the right to enjoy power, or wealth, or position, or immunity, which has not been earned by service to his or their fellows† (Roosevelt, 1910). He wanted to achieve practical equality of opportunity for all American citizens.Roosevelt’s presidency had been focused on realization of the new form of democracy through combining Hamilton’s strong presidency and Jefferson’s egalitarian political thought.   In fact, Roosevelt was the first political leader who managed to identify national principle with reforms. He realized that American leader should not only represent the national interests, but also develop reforms to meet the needs of the nation. As a result, some of Roosevelt’s policies while in office were different from his rhetoric on the campaign trail. In general, Roosevelt became an in itiator and promoter of many progressive reforms. He supported organized labor, the control and regulation of business by the government, the protection of consumer rights (Bowles, 2011).Comparing Woodrow Wilson’s political principles with his actions while in officeWoodrow Wilson’s political principles differed from his actions while in office. Wilson Inaugural Address made in 1913 provides many important facts that reflect Wilson’s political thought. He said, â€Å"We have built up, moreover, a great system of government, which has stood through a long age as in many respects a model for those who seek to set liberty upon foundations that will endure against fortuitous change, against storm and accident† (Wilson, 1913). He wanted to improve commerce of the world based on the just principles of taxation. He planned to use the government as an instrument to promote national interests, improve banking system and industrial system. He proposed to reform pol itical institutions, rejecting the ideas of traditional constitutionalism.The presidency of Wilson demonstrated different outcomes. Wilson was progressive in his ideas and tried to make some changes in conditions in both the economic and political fields. He referred to historicism. Wilson acted as a reformer. He managed to lower tariffs, improve banking regulation, but failed to break up monopolies. Besides, he led the US into WWI (the Great War) in 1917, despite his peaceful intentions. He passed the Espionage Act and Sedition Act to suppress the opponents of war (Bowles, 2011).Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that both presidents succeeded in the Progressive era due to their progressive political ideas. The success of Theodore Roosevelt in politics did not influence his political contest at presidential elections of 1912. Woodrow Wilson managed to win, having the highest electoral vote and the majority of the popular vote. N evertheless, these progressive presidents have very much in common.   Both of them developed policies while in office that differed from their rhetoric on the campaign trail. Both political leaders addressed the problems caused by increased industrialization, urbanization and the growth of big businesses in their political rhetoric, but they used different approaches to solve the problem while in office. Roosevelt placed emphasis on the importance of increased efficiency brought on by big businesses, but highlighted the need to pass legislation against the abuse of power, while Wilson argued that all monopoly was unproductive and wanted to abolish it, promoting small businesses. Undoubtedly, both presidents contributed to the development of the US during the Progressive Era.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) - Statistics Definition

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) - Statistics Definition Many times when we study a group, we are really comparing two populations. Depending upon the parameter of this group we are interested in and the conditions we are dealing with, there are several techniques available. Statistical inference procedures that concern the comparison of two populations cannot usually be applied to three or more populations. To study more than two populations at once, we need different types of statistical tools. Analysis of variance, or ANOVA, is a technique from statistical interference that allows us to deal with several populations. Comparison of Means To see what problems arise and why we need ANOVA, we will consider an example. Suppose we are trying to determine if the mean weights of green, red, blue and orange MM candies are different from each other. We will state the mean weights for each of these populations, ÃŽ ¼1, ÃŽ ¼2, ÃŽ ¼3 ÃŽ ¼4 and respectively. We may use the appropriate hypothesis test several times, and test C(4,2), or six different null hypotheses: H0: ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼2 to check if the mean weight of the population of the red candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the blue candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼2 ÃŽ ¼3 to check if the mean weight of the population of the blue candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the green candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼3 ÃŽ ¼4 to check if the mean weight of the population of the green candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the orange candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼4 ÃŽ ¼1 to check if the mean weight of the population of the orange candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the red candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼3 to check if the mean weight of the population of the red candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the green candies.H0: ÃŽ ¼2 ÃŽ ¼4 to check if the mean weight of the population of the blue candies is different than the mean weight of the population of the orange candies. There are many problems with this kind of analysis. We will have six p-values. Even though we may test each at a 95% level of confidence, our confidence in the overall process is less than this because probabilities multiply: .95 x .95 x .95 x .95 x .95 x .95 is approximately .74, or an 74% level of confidence. Thus the probability of a type I error has increased. At a more fundamental level, we cannot compare these four parameters as a whole by comparing them two at a time. The means of the red and blue MMs may be significant, with the mean weight of red being relatively larger than the mean weight of the blue. However, when we consider the mean weights of all four kinds of candy, there may not be a significant difference. Analysis of Variance To deal with situations in which we need to make multiple comparisons we use ANOVA. This test allows us to consider the parameters of several populations at once, without getting into some of the problems that confront us by conducting hypothesis tests on two parameters at a time. To conduct ANOVA with the MM example above, we would test the null hypothesis H0:ÃŽ ¼1 ÃŽ ¼2 ÃŽ ¼3 ÃŽ ¼4. This states that there is no difference between the mean weights of the red, blue and green MMs. The alternative hypothesis is that there is some difference between the mean weights of the red, blue, green and orange MMs. This hypothesis is really a combination of several statements Ha: The mean weight of the population of red candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of blue candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of blue candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of green candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of green candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of orange candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of green candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of red candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of blue candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of orange candies, ORThe mean weight of the population of blue candies is not equal to the mean weight of the population of red candies. In this particular instance, in order to obtain our p-value, we would utilize a probability distribution known as the F-distribution. Calculations involving the ANOVA F test can be done by hand, but are typically computed with statistical software. Multiple Comparisons What separates ANOVA from other statistical techniques is that it is used to make multiple comparisons. This is common throughout statistics, as there are many times where we want to compare more than just two groups. Typically an overall test suggests that there is some sort of difference between the parameters we are studying. We then follow this test with some other analysis to decide which parameter differs.

Gladiators. Significance of Gladiatorial Combat Research Paper

Gladiators. Significance of Gladiatorial Combat - Research Paper Example The first century BC historian, Nicolaus of Damascus, claims that the Romans borrowed the custom of gladiatorial combat from the Etruscans, and Suetonius preserves a tradition which held that the Etruscan king, Tarquinius Priscus, was first to introduce the spectacle to Rome (Futrell, 1997). G Ville in ‘La gladiature’ has argued that gladiation was of Osco-Samnite origin and then was adopted by the Etruscans at the end of the fourth century or early third BC from whom the Romans imported the custom (cited in Futrell 1997). Futrell, however, has criticized Ville's thesis and tentatively renewed the argument in favor of an Etruscan origin, while other have suggested that the Greeks in Campania may have influenced the development of Italian funerary games, including armed combat. But it is unlikely that gladiation came to Rome from a single source (cited in Futrell 1997). Furthermore, once adopted in Rome, the institution underwent significant changes and evolution. Whateve r its origin or origins, roman gladiatorial combat was not a desperate and chaotic spectacle of killing and dying. Body For the last two hundred years of the republic, gladiatorial combats were presented in association with the funerals of great men. Tertullian states that these funerary gladiatorial combats evolved from actual human sacrifices at the tomb.... Indeed, that Tertullian perceived gladiatorial combats as a threat indicates their religious significance. But the origins and nature of g1adiation were debatable even in antiquity, and there is little reason to suppose that we can uncover them today. We have already seen that conflicting opinions placed the source of g1adiation in either Campania or Etruria; likewise in antiquity there seems to have existed a debate over whether or not gladiatorial combat was a form of human sacrifice. For example, a passage in the Historia Augusta provides the two sides of this debate: there were some who believed that gladiatorial combats given before a military campaign were a form of human sacrifice meant to appease Nemesis and ensure victory in the impending war, while others believed that the sight of combat, wounds, and death were primarily intended to desensitize the soldiers and prepare them for battle (Versnel, 1996; Futrell, 1997). Some scholars have renewed the argument for gladiatorial combats as a form of human sacrifice (Versnel, 1996; Futrell, 1997). The truth, however, probably lies somewhere in the middle. On the one hand, it is difficult to deny the religiosity of gladiatorial combats; during the republic, they were fought in connection with the funerals of great men, while during the empire they came to be associated with the imperial cult. In this connection, we may also consider the ritual significance of a gladiator's blood (Futrell, 1997). On the other hand, the bloody and often fatal nature of gladiatorial combat readily lent itself to interpretation-or reinterpretation-as human sacrifice, especially by those who would attack the institution, and this ought to rouse our suspicions. Rives has shown

A Small Apartment Full of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Small Apartment Full of Life - Essay Example We lived in this small apartment for three years, and it was considered the gloomiest time of my life. Although this place was physically uncomfortable to live in, it helped me understand a meaningful value of life. While we were living in a small apartment, I realized that physical possessions make our life convenient and comfortable, but sometimes they hinder us from future planning. Before we could move to the small apartment, we lived in a decent-sized three-bedroom house with a beautiful garden that had trees and flowers. We could invite people to our home to brag. We had a spacious bathroom that was big enough to accommodate a bathtub and a laundry machine. While we lived in the big house, I could not undertake house chores, but sometimes when I had confrontations with my father, he would ask me to seek out unwanted plants in the garden as a punishment. Besides living in a big house, I wore quality clothes and shoes which I asked my parents to buy for me. I lived as if these expensive materials are all about life, and they presented me as a valuable person. I had never taken a chance to thank my parents for what they had done for me. Instead, I took it all for granted. I felt confident and proud of having material objects, but the confidence and the material wealth all seemed to deteriorate when the material possessions ended. The shift from a big house to a small apartment was caused by the failure of my father’s business. After working for 15 years for a small appliance company, my father decided to start his own business. He opted to start the factory using inheritance money from his mother to produce organic fruit juice. I remember one day he brought some pear juice in a pouch and asked us to taste it. The juice contained 100% organic fruit juice that was healthy for human consumption. However, the taste of the juice was not that attractive to many of its consumers. Being a father of three children, my father had a noble idea of providing healthy organic fruit juice, which unfortunately was not successful.

Agitation Leaching Theory And Practice Biology Essay

Agitation Leaching Theory And Practice Biology Essay Agitation leaching is a chemical process where in the soil that is to be mixed or slurried is kept in contact for a certain period of time with fluid to be extracted. The metal solubility rate is reduces quite noticeably, and the extraction gets completed on the approach of equilibrium between the metal present in the solution and the metal contained on the surface of the soil is approached Excess metal will not be extracted from the surface of the soil unless the soil is accessed by fresh extraction solution and the contact time increases when the system is at equilibrium. On reaching equilibrium, the soil is separated from the extraction fluid using sedimentation, thickening, or clarification. An agitation vat coupled with a solid-liquid separation vessel (typical processes like clarification or sedimentation) is considered to be a single stage The process of extraction is then generally continued in a separate extraction vat and the clear solution obtained from the extraction process is used to speed up the rate of extraction [1]. Agitation leaching-Practice Cyanide and the Gold Industry Introduction One of the most widely used industrial practices is the cyanidation process in the gold industry. Amount of gold present in ores typically occurs at very low concentrations in ores which generally range from less than 10 gm/tonne. At the low level of the gold concentrations the most predominant method used extensively and one that is cost effective is the aqueous hydrometallurgical extraction processes to extract the gold from its ore. Typical hydrometallurgical gold recovery involves an agitation leaching step where the gold is dissolved in an aqueous medium, followed by the separation of the gold bearing solution from the residues, or adsorption of the gold onto activated carbon. After elution from the activated carbon the gold is further concentrated by electrodeposition or precipitation. Gold is one of the noble metals and is not very much soluble in water. Complexes, like cyanide, is known for stabilizing the gold species in solution, along with an oxidant preferably oxygen thereby dissolving the required amount of gold. The amount of cyanide in solution required for complete dissolution may be typically of very low concentrations such as 350 mg/l which accounts for around 0.035% of 100% sodium cyanide Alternative complexing agents for gold, such as chloride, bromide, thiourea, and thiosulfate form less stable complexes and thus require more aggressive conditions and oxidants to dissolve the gold. These reagents present risks to health and the environment, and are more expensive. This justifies the dominance of cyanide as the primary reagent for the leaching of gold from ores since its introduction in the latter half of the 19th century. Manufacture, Transport and Storage of Cyanide Approximately 1.1 million metric tons of hydrogen cyanide is produced annually worldwide, with approximately 6% used to produce cyanide reagents for the processing of gold. The remaining 94% is used in industrial applications including production of plastics, fire retardants, cosmetics, adhesives pharmaceuticals, food processing and as an anti-caking additive for table and road salts. Cyanide is manufactured and distributed for use in gold mining industries in a variety of physical and chemical forms, including solid briquettes, flake cyanide and liquid cyanide. Sodium cyanide is supplied as either briquettes or liquid, while calcium cyanide is supplied in flake form and also in liquid form. The strength of bulk cyanide reagents vary from 98% for sodium cyanide briquettes, 44-50% for flake calcium cyanide, 28-33% for liquid sodium cyanide and 15-18% for liquid calcium cyanide. The product strength is quoted on a molar basis as either sodium or calcium cyanide. The form of cyanide reagent chosen for use typically depends on availability, distance from the source and cost. Where liquid cyanide is used, it is transported to the mine by tanker truck or rail car and is off-loaded into a storage tank. The truck or rail car may have a single or double walled tank, and the location and design of the discharge equipment varies by vehicle. Solid briquette or flake cyanide is transported to the mine in drums, plastic bags, boxes, returnable bins and ISO-containers. The mine generally designs and constructs the necessary equipment to safely dissolve the solid cyanide in a high-pH solution considering the packaging of the reagent. The pH value of cyanide solutions during dissolution must be maintained above pH 12 to avoid the volatilization of the hazardous hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas. The resulting cyanide solution is then pumped to a storage tank prior to introduction into the process. The cyanide solution is fed from the storage tank into the metallurgical process stream in proportion to the dry mass of solids in the process stream. The feed rate of cyanide is controlled to maintain an optimum cyanide level as demanded by the metallurgy of the ore being treated. Ore Preparation Preparation of the ore is necessary so that it can be presented to the aqueous cyanide solution in a form that will ensure the optimal economic recovery of the gold. The first step in ore preparation is crushing and grinding, which reduces the particle size of the ore and liberates the gold for recovery. Ore that contains free gold may not yield a sufficiently high recovery by sole use of cyanide leaching, due to a very long dissolution time for large gold particles. Such ore may first be subject to a gravity recovery process to recover the free gold before being subjected to cyanide leaching. Gold bearing ores that contain gold associated with sulphide or carbonaceous minerals require additional treatment, other than size reduction, prior to gold recovery. Gold recovery from sulphide ore is poor because the cyanide preferentially leaches the sulphide minerals rather than the gold, and cyanide is consumed by the formation of thiocyanate. These ores are subject to a concentration processes such as flotation, followed by a secondary process to oxidize the sulphides, thereby limiting their interaction with the cyanide during the gold leach. Carbonaceous minerals adsorb gold once solubilised; oxidizing the ore prior to leaching prevents this. To counter this affect, the leaching process may also be modified by the addition of activated carbon to preferentially adsorb the gold. Leaching with Aqueous Cyanide Solutions When gold is leached in an aqueous cyanide solution it forms a gold-cyanide complex by oxidizing with an oxidant such as dissolved oxygen and cyanide complexation. This complex is very stable and the cyanide required is only slightly in excess of the stoichiometric requirement. However, in practice the amount of cyanide used in leach solutions is dictated by the presence of other cyanide consumers, and the need to increase the rate of leaching to acceptable levels. Typical cyanide concentrations used in practice range from 300 to 500 mg/l (0.03 to 0.05% as NaCN) depending on the mineralogy of the ore. The gold is recovered by means of either heap leaching or agitated pulp leaching. In heap or dump leaching the ore or agglomerated fine ore is stacked in heaps on a pad lined with an impermeable membrane. Cyanide solution is introduced to the heap by sprinklers or a drip irrigation system. The solution percolates through the heap leaching the gold from the ore, and the resultant gold bearing solution is collected on the impermeable membrane and channelled to storage facilities for further processing. Heap leaching is attractive due to the low capital cost involved, but is a slow process and the gold extraction efficiency is a relatively low 50-75%. In a conventional milling and agitated leaching circuit, the ore is milled in semi-autogenously ball or rod mills until it is the consistency of powder. The slurry is conveyed to a series of leach tanks. The slurry is agitated in the leach tanks, either mechanically or by means of air injection, to increase the contact of cyanide and oxygen with the gold and enhance the efficiency of the leach process. The cyanide then dissolves gold from the ore and forms a stable gold-cyanide complex. The use of oxygen or peroxy compounds instead of air as an oxidant increases the leach rate and decreases cyanide consumption, due to the inactivation of some of the cyanide consuming species present in the slurry. The pH of the slurry is raised to pH 10-11 using lime, at the head of the leach circuit to ensure that when cyanide is added, toxic hydrogen cyanide gas is not generated and the cyanide is kept in solution to dissolve the gold. The slurry may also be subject to other preconditioning such as pre-oxidation at the head of the circuit before cyanide is added. Highly activated carbon is used in the dissolved gold recovery process, either by introducing it directly into the CIL (carbon-in-leach) tanks or into separate CIP (carbon-in-pulp) tanks after leaching. The activated carbon adsorbs the dissolved gold from the leach slurry thereby concentrating it onto a smaller mass of solids. The carbon is then separated from the slurry by screening and subjected to further treatment to recover the adsorbed gold. When carbon is not used to adsorb the dissolved gold in the above-mentioned leach slurry, the gold bearing solution must be separated from the solids components utilizing filtration or thickening units. The resultant solution, referred to as pregnant solution, is subjected to further treatment (other than by carbon absorption) to recover the dissolved gold. The waste from which the gold was removed by any means is referred to as residue or tailings material. The residue is either dewatered to recover the solution, treated to neutralize or recover cyanide, or is sent directly to the tailing storage facility. Recovery of Dissolved Gold Gold is recovered from the solution first using either cementation on zinc powder or concentrating the gold using adsorption on activated carbon, followed by elution and concluding with either cementation with zinc or electro winning. For efficient cementation, a clear solution prepared by filtration or counter current decantation is required. The most cost-effective process is to create adsorption of the dissolved gold onto activated carbon, resulting in an easier solid-solid separation based on size. To achieve this; the ore particles must typically be smaller than 100 ÂÂ µm while the carbon particles must be larger than 500 ÂÂ µm. Adsorption is achieved by contacting the activated carbon with the agitated pulp. This can be done while the gold is still being leached with the CIL-process, or following leaching with the CIP-process. The CIL-process offers the advantage of countering the adsorption of gold on carbonaceous or shale ore particles, but is more expensive due to less efficient adsorption, increased gold inventory and increased fouling and abrasion of the carbon. Activated carbon in contact with a pulp containing gold can typically recover more than 99.5% of the gold in the solution in 8 to 24 hours, depending on the reactivity of the carbon, the amount of carbon used and the mixers efficiency. The loaded carbon is then separated from the pulp by screens that are air or hydro dynamically swept, thus preventing blinding by the near sized carbon particles. The pulp residue is then either thickened to separate the cyanide containing solution for recovery/destruction of the cyanide, or sent directly to the tailings storage facility from which the cyanide containing solution is recycled to the leach plant. The gold adsorbed on the activated carbon is recovered from the carbon by elution, typically with a hot caustic aqueous cyanide solution. The carbon is then regenerated and returned to the adsorption circuit while the gold is recovered from the eluate using either zinc cementation or electro winning. If it contains significant amounts of base metals, the gold concentrate is then either calcined or directly smelted and refined to gold bullion that typically contains about 70 90% gold. The bullion is then further refined to 99.99% fineness using smelting, chlorination, and electro-refining. High purity gold is taken directly from activated carbon eluates, using recently developed processes that utilize solvent extraction techniques to produce intensive leaching of gravity concentrates [2]. Agitation leaching-Applications Commonly applied to a wide range of ore types, agitation leaching has been in use for well over 200 years. Leaching is typically performed in steel tanks, and the solids are kept in suspension by air or mechanical agitation. Air agitation in carried out in conical-bottomed leach tanks (Browns or Pachuca tanks) was widely practiced in the early years of cyanidation but has been overtaken in recent times by more efficient mechanical agitation with reduced energy requirements and improved mixing efficiency. Well-designed systems can approach perfectly mixed flow conditions in a single reactor, which help to optimize reaction kinetics and make the most of available leaching equipment. Particle size. The material to be leached is ground to a size that optimizes gold recovery and communition costs. In a few cases, whole ore is being ground to very less particle sizes for optimal processing, either by oxidative pre-treatment and/or leaching. Agitation leaching is rarely applied to material at greater coarse sizes because it becomes increasingly difficult to keep coarse solids in suspension, and abrasion rates increase. Increasingly, agitation leaching is being considered to treat very finely ground materials and, with the advances in ultrafine milling equipment have been ground to lesser particle sizes to liberate gold contained in refractory along with the sulphide mineral matrices prior to processing by agitation leaching and/or oxidative pre-treatment. Slurry density. Leaching is usually performed at slurry densities of between 35%and 50% solids, depending on the solids specific gravity, particle size, and the presence of minerals that affect slurry viscosity (e.g., clays). Mass transport phenomena are maximized at low slurry densities; however, solids retention time in a fixed volume of leaching equipment increases as the density increases. In addition, reagent consumptions are minimized by maximizing slurry density, since optimal concentrations can be achieved at lower dosages, because of the smaller volume of solution per unit mass of material. Modification of pH Alkali, required for slurry pH modification and control, must always be added before cyanide addition to provide protective alkalinity, which prevents excessive loss of cyanide by hydrolysis. Most leaching systems operate between pH 10 and 11. Staged addition of alkali may be required throughout the leaching circuit to maintain the desired operating pH, particularly when treating ores containing alkali-consuming materials. pH control is achieved by manual or automatic (on-line) measurement at various stages in the process. Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime, Ca (OH),), or sodium hydroxide can be used for pH modification. Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is the cheaper of the two but is less soluble and produces solutions that are much more susceptible to salt precipitation and scale formation. Unslaked lime (CaO) is used occasionally because it is less costly than slaked lime, but it is less effective for pH modification. For nonacidic- or non-alkali-consuming ores, calcium hydroxide concentrations of 0.15 to 0.25 g/L are typically required to achieve the desired pH range for leaching (i.e., pH 10 to 11). This represents typical lime consumptions of 0.15 to 0.5 kg/tonne for non-acidic ores. Sodium hydroxide is known to be more effective than calcium hydroxide at dissolving a variety of minerals, particularly at high alkalinities, and it is a highly effective dispersant. This may result in the dissolution of ore constituents, such as silicates, to produce various solution species, which can subsequently precipitate in a number of undesirable forms, potentially affecting downstream processes, including filtration, gold precipitation, or carbon adsorption. Consequently, calcium hydroxide is generally the preferred method of pH control in agitated leaching systems. Cyanide Cyanide may be added to agitated leaching systems either prior to the leaching circuit, that is, during grinding, or in the first stage of leaching. Subsequent reagent additions can be made into later stages of leaching to maintain or boost cyanide concentrations to maximize gold dissolution. In the absence of cyanide-consuming minerals in the ore or concentrate to be leached, cyanide concentrations used in practice range from 0.05 to 0.5 g/L NaCN, and typically between 0.15 to 0.30 g/L NaCN. Typical cyanide consumptions observed in agitated leaching systems for free-milling ores vary from about 0.25 to 0.75 kg/t. In cases where the feed material contains significant amounts of cyanide consumers and/or high silver content (i.e., >20 g/tonne), higher cyanide concentrations may be applied, that is, 2 to 10 g/L NaCN. In such cases, cyanide consumptions may vary from 1 to 2 kg/t, and in some cases much higher, depending on the nature and amount of cyanide-consuming minerals. Cyanide conc entrations are usually monitored by manual titration techniques or less commonly by on-line cyanide analyzers, based on titrimetric, colorimetric, potentiometric, and ion-specific electrode techniques. Oxygen Content Oxygen is typically introduced into leaching systems as air, either sparged into tanks as the primary method of agitation, or supplied purely for aeration. In either case, crude sparging systems are usually sufficient to provide satisfactory bubble dispersion and to ensure that adequate dissolved oxygen concentrations are maintained. Typically, the amount of dissolved oxygen concentrations can be maintained at, or even slightly above, calculated saturation levels with air sparging. The optimum sparging system depends on the geometry of the leach tanks. For example, conical-bottomed Pachuca tanks with single sparging points (common South African practice prior to about 1980) and flat-bottomed leach tanks with multiple sparging points, or simple down-the-agitator-shaft addition, have all been used. In a few cases, particularly when treating ores that contain oxygen-consuming minerals, pure oxygen [5] or hydrogen peroxide [4] have been added to increase dissolved oxygen concentrations a bove those attainable with simple air sparging systems. Residence time. Residence time requirements vary depending on the leaching characteristics of the material treated and must be determined by test work. Leaching times applied in practice vary from a few hours to several days. Leaching is usually performed in 4 to 10 stages, with the individual stage volume and number of stages dependent on the slurry flow rate, required residence time, and efficiency of mixing equipment used. Counter-current leaching. Leaching efficiency can be enhanced by the application of Le Chateliers principle. In summary, the lower the concentration of gold in solution, the greater the driving force for gold dissolution to occur, although in a mass transport controlled reaction it is debatable what role this plays in gold leaching. An alternative explanation for this phenomenon is the reversible adsorption of gold cyanide onto the ore constituents. The gold adsorption is reversed when the solution is exchanged for a lower grade solution or when a material (such as activated carbon or suitable ion exchange resin) is introduced into the slurry, which actively competes for the Aurum cyanide species. This effect can be exploited in practice by performing intermediate solid-liquid separation steps during leaching to remove high-grade gold solutions, and rediluting the solids in the remaining slurry with lower-grade leach solution and/or with freshwater plus reagents. Successful applications of this principle have been used at the Pinson and Chimney Creek, Nevada (United States), and East Driefontein (South Africa) plants, and at other operations [6, 7]. At many operating gold plants, an increase in gold extraction is observed when a leach slurry can be transferred from one type of process equipment to another (i.e., between leach tanks, thickeners, filters, pumps, and pipelines).This can be explained by the different mixing mechanisms in the different equipment, coupled with other factors, such as changes in slurry percent solids, changes in solution composition, and the effects of pumping transfer (i.e., plug flow mixing).Likewise, the benefits of the carbon-in-leach (CIL) process compared with leaching and carbon-in-pulp (CIP) have been clearly demonstrated both experimentally and in practice, even without the presence of interfering constituents in the ore[8]. The CIL process results in improved conditions for gold dissolution[3].

“Everyday Use” by Alice Walker Essay

In the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker, she introduces a rural black family who struggle with the meaning of heritage. To Mama, the narrator, and Maggie, the youngest daughter, heritage is whom they are, where they come from, and the everyday use of the things around them. Dee, the oldest daughter, has rejected her heritage from the beginning. She wants the better things in life and goes off to college to find them. On her return, she seems to have a newfound sense of heritage. Through a confrontation about family quilts, Mama realizes that Dee’s view of heritage is that of artistic and aesthetic value: not the everyday use of the objects that hold significant meaning in Mama and Maggie’s lives. Walker portrays one meaning of heritage in her descriptions of Mama and Maggie. Mama says she is a big boned woman with man-working hands. She wears flannel nightgowns, overalls, and has â€Å"fat to keep me [Mama] warm in zero weather† (Walker 655). She can also kill and clean a hog as well as any man. Mama is even proud of the fact that she sweeps the dirt yard so clean that is like an â€Å"extended living room† (654). Likewise, Maggie is not a beautiful girl. She has burn scars on her arm and legs and does everything she can to hide them. She is uneducated, as is Mama, and shuffles her feet like a â€Å"lame animal† (655). Maggie is affected greatly as the first house burns to the ground. Mama states â€Å"her [Maggie] eyes seemed stretched open, blazed open by the flames†Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (655). Maggie understands the connection to her heritage is burning with the house. Maggie knows how to quilt because Grandma Dee and Big Dee taught her, as they have taught Mama. Through these descriptions, Walker gives a sense of poverty, but also shows that the lessons taught to Mama and Maggie by their ancestors are what keep them alive. They can feed themselves, cloth themselves, and are self-sufficient, even if they do not have money. Mama and Maggie are proud of where they come from and the fact that they are keeping the traditions alive through their everyday lives. Dee, on the other hand, has rejected her heritage from the beginning. Dee always wants nice things, remarks Mama. She wants black shoe for a green outfit and a yellow dress to wear to her graduation: even though these  things are hard for the family to come by. When the first house burns to the ground, Dee just stands by the tree with a look of â€Å"concentration on her face† (655). Dee feels no connection to the house as part of her heritage and is glad to watch it burn. Dee also rejects her heritage by rejecting who her mother is. Mama explains that Dee wants a mother who is a hundred pounds lighter and glamorous. Dee does not appreciate the knowledge of her past that is living within and through her mother. At the first chance Dee gets, she runs off to college to distance her self from her family and the poor life she is leading. Ironically, the money to send Dee to college is raised through one of the oldest traditions, her mother’s church. Dee does not realize the significance of this act as part of her heritage, nor does she care. Dee has finally accomplished her goal, getting away from the family and the traditions she despises. Upon Dee’s return home, she seems to have a newfound sense of heritage. She takes pictures of Mama, Maggie, the house, and a cow that wanders by. The house that she despises has now become a focal point to her. At dinner, Dee is excited about the food Mama prepares and Mama comments, â€Å"everything delights her† (658). Dee is intensely interested in the benches her father has built and the origins of an old dasher and turn top. It is Maggie who tells Dee the origins of the items by commenting the â€Å"Aunt Dee’s first husband whittled the dash†¦they called him Stash† (658). Dee now seems to embrace the heritage she so quickly distances herself from in the beginning. She gives a sense of appreciation for the things she once found to be vile and an appreciation for her mother and sister. Even though Dee is interested in her heritage, Mama realizes that Dee is still distancing herself from the family and the true meaning of her heritage. When Dee first returns home, she informs Mama and Maggie that she has changed her name to Wangero because she could not stand â€Å"being named after the people who oppress   her (657). Mama informs her that the name Dee can be traced back through the family tree to the Civil war and even before that. Dee dismisses this explanation. Through the changing of her name, Dee feels that she has connected with her African roots. However, she is truly disconnecting herself from the roots of her family. Dee’s interest in Mama’s  everyday items of the dasher and turn top is purely atheistic. She tells Mama she will do artistic things with the item. All Dee can see in the items is the value they hold as art objects. The final confrontation occurs when Dee goes to the foot of Mama’s bed and takes family quilts from the trunk. Mama tells Dee she has promised the quilts to Maggie and Dee flies into a rage. She tells Mama that Maggie does not understand the value of the quilts and that Maggie would be â€Å"backward† enough to put them to everyday use (659). Mama tells Dee she hopes Maggie will use the quilts because that is what they were made for. When Mama asks Dee what will she do with the quilts, Dee responds that she will hang them on the wall. By hanging the quilts on the wall, Dee is further distancing herself from her heritage: turning it into a piece of artwork. Mama has a revelation as Maggie walks into the room. She tells Mama Dee can have the quilts because she â€Å"can â€Å"ËÅ"member Grandma Dee without the quilts† (659). Mama realizes that Maggie is the one that has a real meaning of their heritage. Maggie knows how to quilt because her ancestors taught her. Maggie knows the stories behind all of the things in the house that she and Mama put to everyday use. Maggie is the one that understand that heritage is the knowledge and memories that are inside her, not tangible objects. Mama rips the quilts from â€Å"Miss Wangero’s† hands and places them in Maggie’s lap (659). At this, Dee venomously tells her mother and Maggie that they do not understand their heritage. The irony is that it is Dee that does not understand her heritage. As she leaves, Dee places a large pair of sunglasses on her face that hide everything â€Å"above the tip of her nose and her chin† (660). Dee is once again hiding who she truly is behind a false faÃÆ' §ade that she has created: a creation that springs from the rejecting and perverting of her true heritage. Through Mama, Maggie, and Dee, Alice Walker gives a true definition of the word heritage. Heritage is what is inside Mama and Maggie, the memories and the skills they have inherited from their kindred. True heritage comes from the everyday use of the memories and skills that are passed down from generation to generation. Dee personifies what heritage is not. Heritage is not hung on a wall, admired for its beauty, and then forgotten. Heritage is  a living entity to be built upon by future generations. Mama realizes this in the end and sees that Maggie is the future of their heritage.

CUNY Queens College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Queens College is a public college with an acceptance rate of 48%. Located about 10 miles east of Manhattan in Flushing, Queens College is a  public university  and one of the senior colleges in the  City University of New York (CUNY)  system. The college offers bachelors and masters degrees in more than 100 areas with psychology, sociology, and business among the most popular with undergraduates. The colleges strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned it a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. Traditionally a commuter school, Queens College opened its first residence hall in 2009. On the athletic front the Queens College Knights compete in the NCAA Division II  East Coast Conference. Considering applying to Queens College? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Queens College had an acceptance rate of 48%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 48 students were admitted, making Queens Colleges admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 18,862 Percent Admitted 48% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 22% SAT and ACT Scores and Requirements Queens College requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. Most students submit SAT scores, and Queens College does not provide statistics for applicants ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 79% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 520 600 Math 540 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Queens Colleges admitted students fall within the  top 35% nationally  on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Queens College scored between 520 and 600, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 600. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 540 and 620, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1220 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Queens College. Requirements Queens College does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Queens College requires applicants to submit all SAT scores, but will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Queens College does not require SAT Subject tests, but they are recommended for scholarship and honors college consideration. Note that minimum score requirements for incoming freshmen include an SAT score of 1130 in critical reading and math or an ACT score of 22 or higher in English and math. GPA In 2019, the average high school GPA of Queens Colleges incoming freshmen class was 89.4. This information suggests that most successful applicants to Queens College have primarily high B grades. Note that the minimum required GPA for incoming freshmen is 80, or B-. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph CUNY Queens College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Queens College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Queens College, which accepts fewer than half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. Applicants may apply using the Common Application or the CUNY application. Queens College wants to see high grades in  rigorous courses  and strong test scores. However, Queens College has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. You can improve your chances of acceptance by submitting an optional  application essay, glowing  letters of recommendation, and a resume of  extracurricular activities. Note that specialized majors have additional admission requirements. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent students who were admitted to Queens College. Most had SAT scores of 1050 or higher (ERWM), an ACT composite of 21 or higher, and a high school average of a B or better. Standardized test scores and grades above this lower range can improve your chances measurably. If You Like Queens College, You May Also Like These Schools New York UniversityBinghamton UniversityBaruch CollegeStony Brook UniversityFordham UniversityUniversity at AlbanyPace UniversityHunter College All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and CUNY Queens College Undergraduate Admissions Office. CUNY Queens College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA Queens College is a public college with an acceptance rate of 48%. Located about 10 miles east of Manhattan in Flushing, Queens College is a  public university  and one of the senior colleges in the  City University of New York (CUNY)  system. The college offers bachelors and masters degrees in more than 100 areas with psychology, sociology, and business among the most popular with undergraduates. The colleges strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned it a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. Traditionally a commuter school, Queens College opened its first residence hall in 2009. On the athletic front the Queens College Knights compete in the NCAA Division II  East Coast Conference. Considering applying to Queens College? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Queens College had an acceptance rate of 48%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 48 students were admitted, making Queens Colleges admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 18,862 Percent Admitted 48% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 22% SAT and ACT Scores and Requirements Queens College requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. Most students submit SAT scores, and Queens College does not provide statistics for applicants ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 79% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 520 600 Math 540 620 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Queens Colleges admitted students fall within the  top 35% nationally  on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Queens College scored between 520 and 600, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 600. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 540 and 620, while 25% scored below 540 and 25% scored above 620. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1220 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Queens College. Requirements Queens College does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Queens College requires applicants to submit all SAT scores, but will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Queens College does not require SAT Subject tests, but they are recommended for scholarship and honors college consideration. Note that minimum score requirements for incoming freshmen include an SAT score of 1130 in critical reading and math or an ACT score of 22 or higher in English and math. GPA In 2019, the average high school GPA of Queens Colleges incoming freshmen class was 89.4. This information suggests that most successful applicants to Queens College have primarily high B grades. Note that the minimum required GPA for incoming freshmen is 80, or B-. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph CUNY Queens College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Queens College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Queens College, which accepts fewer than half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool. Applicants may apply using the Common Application or the CUNY application. Queens College wants to see high grades in  rigorous courses  and strong test scores. However, Queens College has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. You can improve your chances of acceptance by submitting an optional  application essay, glowing  letters of recommendation, and a resume of  extracurricular activities. Note that specialized majors have additional admission requirements. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent students who were admitted to Queens College. Most had SAT scores of 1050 or higher (ERWM), an ACT composite of 21 or higher, and a high school average of a B or better. Standardized test scores and grades above this lower range can improve your chances measurably. If You Like Queens College, You May Also Like These Schools New York UniversityBinghamton UniversityBaruch CollegeStony Brook UniversityFordham UniversityUniversity at AlbanyPace UniversityHunter College All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and CUNY Queens College Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The Terror of the French Revolution - 1793-1794